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The Four Fundamental Forces

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Particle Physics
Introduction
  1. Introduction to Particle Physics
  2. Need of High Energy Physics
  3. Four Fundamental Forces
  4. Units in High Energy Physics
  5. Natural System of Units
  6. Particle Accelerators & Types
  7. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Generation Particles
  8. Center of Mass Frame vs. Laboratory Frame
  9. Gravitational vs Nuclear Binding Energy (Mass Defect)
Invariance Principles & Conservation Laws
  1. Symmetries & Conservation Laws
  2. Continuous Transformations
  3. Discrete Transformation
  4. Parity Transformation
  5. Wu’s Experiment & Parity Violation
  6. Feynman Rules for Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)
  7. Electron-Muon Scattering Amplitude (M) Calculation
  8. Electron-Positron Scattering Amplitude (M) Calculation
  9. SU(1), SU(2), SU(3) – Unitary Groups (QCD)
  10. More topics coming soon…
Problems
  1. Compton Wavelength in Natural Units
  2. No. of Quark Flavors for Coupling Constant QCD = QED
  3. Asymptotic Freedom Vs Confinement?
  4. Why Study of Weak Interactions called flavordynamics?
  5. Why gluons are massless?

There are 4 fundamental forces that exist in nature, these are:

  1. Strong Nuclear Force
  2. Weak Nuclear Force
  3. Electromagnetic
  4. Gravitational Force

These fundamental forces arise due to four different interactions with different ranges.

 Strengths and Mediators of Fundamental Forces

Force

Strength

Mediator

Strong Nuclear Force

10

Gluon

Weak Nuclear Force

 ${10}^{-13}$

W and Z Bosons

Electromagnetic

${10}^{-2}$

Photon

Gravitational

${10}^{-42}$

Graviton (Not Discovered)

Particle Physics
Introduction
  1. Introduction to Particle Physics
  2. Need of High Energy Physics
  3. Four Fundamental Forces
  4. Units in High Energy Physics
  5. Natural System of Units
  6. Particle Accelerators & Types
  7. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Generation Particles
  8. Center of Mass Frame vs. Laboratory Frame
  9. Gravitational vs Nuclear Binding Energy (Mass Defect)
Invariance Principles & Conservation Laws
  1. Symmetries & Conservation Laws
  2. Continuous Transformations
  3. Discrete Transformation
  4. Parity Transformation
  5. Wu’s Experiment & Parity Violation
  6. Feynman Rules for Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)
  7. Electron-Muon Scattering Amplitude (M) Calculation
  8. Electron-Positron Scattering Amplitude (M) Calculation
  9. SU(1), SU(2), SU(3) – Unitary Groups (QCD)
  10. More topics coming soon…
Problems
  1. Compton Wavelength in Natural Units
  2. No. of Quark Flavors for Coupling Constant QCD = QED
  3. Asymptotic Freedom Vs Confinement?
  4. Why Study of Weak Interactions called flavordynamics?
  5. Why gluons are massless?

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